Ghana’s Artisanal Nickel Mines: A Deep Dive into Forced Labour and Unsafe Practices

Imagine being forced to work in a mine under gruelling conditions with little to no pay. This is the stark reality for many miners in Ghana’s artisanal nickel industry. Forced labour in these mines is a grave issue that not only exposes workers to exploitative conditions but also poses severe health risks. In this article, we will explore the full scope of forced labour in this sector, outline the artisanal nickel mining process, discuss the various uses of nickel, and highlight the significant dangers faced by these miners.

Understanding Forced Labour in Artisanal Nickel Mining

Forced labour in artisanal nickel mining is a prevalent issue in many regions of Ghana. It involves individuals, including children, being compelled to work under duress, often with little or no pay. This coercion can stem from various sources, including debt bondage, threats, violence, and the exploitation of vulnerable populations.

The artisanal mining sector in Ghana, characterised by small-scale, informal operations, is particularly susceptible to such exploitative practices. Miners often work in hazardous conditions without proper safety measures, legal protections, or adequate remuneration.

The Extent of Forced Labour

The extent of forced labour in Ghana’s artisanal nickel mining sector is significant. According to various human rights organisations, thousands of individuals are subjected to these conditions, with many being children who are forced to forgo education and endure gruelling labour. The lack of regulation and oversight in artisanal mining exacerbates the issue, making it challenging to address and eradicate these practices.

Where Does it Occur?

Forced and child labour in nickel mining is reported in several regions worldwide. Here are some notable areas where these exploitative practices occur:

· Ghana: Ghana has significant issues related to forced and child labour in its artisanal mining sector. Although specific estimates for nickel mining are not readily available, broader data from human rights organizations suggest that thousands of individuals, including many children, are subjected to forced labour conditions in the mining sector.

· Côte d’Ivoire: Similar to Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire also faces challenges with forced and child labour in artisanal mining. The prevalence of these practices in nickel mining is part of a larger pattern of exploitation in the country’s mining industry.

· Indonesia: Indonesia is one of the largest producers of nickel, and there have been reports of forced and child labour in its mining sector. The country’s vast nickel reserves are crucial for the global supply chain, particularly for battery production, but the exploitation of workers, including children, remains a serious issue.

· The Philippines: The Philippines is another major nickel producer with significant issues related to forced and child labour. Miners, including children, often work under hazardous conditions without adequate safety measures, facing exploitation and poor living conditions.

· Madagascar: In Madagascar, nickel mining has been associated with forced and child labour. The lack of regulation and oversight in the mining sector allows these exploitative practices to persist, affecting vulnerable populations who have limited economic alternatives.

· Russia: Some reports indicate that forced labour practices exist in Russia’s mining sector, including nickel mining. The harsh working conditions, coupled with the lack of labour rights, contribute to the exploitation of workers.

· Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): While the DRC is more known for cobalt mining, there are also instances of forced and child labour in the nickel mining industry. The artisanal and small-scale mining operations often involve dangerous working conditions and exploitation of workers.

These regions highlight the global nature of forced and child labour in the nickel mining industry, necessitating concerted efforts from governments, international organisations, and corporations to address and eradicate these practices

The Artisanal Nickel Mining Process: From Extraction to Refinement

Understanding the step-by-step process of artisanal nickel mining provides insight into the labour-intensive nature of the work and the stages where exploitation and danger are most prevalent.

1. Extraction

The mining process begins with the extraction of nickel ore from the earth. Artisanal miners typically work in open-cut mines, using rudimentary tools like shovels and pickaxes to dig and extract the ore. The miners are often seen wearing worn-out clothing and working barefoot, highlighting the lack of proper protective gear.

2. Initial Processing

Once the nickel ore is extracted, it undergoes initial processing at the mining site. This stage involves crushing the ore into smaller pieces and separating the nickel from other minerals. Miners use basic equipment and techniques, which can be physically demanding and hazardous.

3. Chemical Extraction and Leaching

A critical and dangerous stage in artisanal nickel mining is the use of dangerous chemicals to extract nickel from the ore. Miners mix chemicals including sulfuric acid with the crushed ore to form an amalgam. A solution of sulfuric acid is prepared. The concentration of the acid can vary depending on the specific requirements of the leaching process. Generally, a dilute solution is used to minimize the risk of excessive acid consumption and environmental impact. The crushed ore is then mixed with the sulfuric acid solution. This can be done in a leaching tank or heap leaching setup. The acid reacts with the nickel-containing minerals, dissolving nickel into the solution. This process may take several hours to days, depending on the ore characteristics and the concentration of the acid. After the leaching process, the solid waste (tailings) is separated from the liquid solution containing dissolved nickel. This can be done through filtration or settling. This leaching process is often conducted on-site, exposing miners to toxic vapour. The lack of proper safety measures exacerbates the health risks associated with acid exposure.

4. Refining

After the leaching process, the nickel is not yet pure. It undergoes further refining to remove impurities. This refinement usually takes place at small industrial facilities where advanced machinery, such as crushers, separators, and furnaces, are used. Workers in these facilities, although slightly better equipped than those in the extraction phase, still face significant risks due to inadequate protective gear and the hazardous nature of the materials involved.

5. Sale to Local Traders

The refined nickel is then sold to local traders in makeshift market areas. Miners bring small lumps of nickel to these markets, where traders inspect and weigh the metal pieces. The negotiation process reflects the tough economic conditions, with miners often receiving minimal compensation for their labour.

Uses of Nickel from Artisanal Mining

Nickel extracted from artisanal mines plays a crucial role in various industries. Here are some key uses:

Nickel extracted from artisanal mines plays a crucial role in various industries. Here are some key ues:

1. Stainless Steel Production

Nickel is a vital component in stainless steel, providing corrosion resistance and enhancing strength. It is used in the manufacture of kitchen utensils, medical equipment, and building materials.

2. Batteries

Nickel is essential in the production of rechargeable batteries, particularly in nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. These batteries are used in portable electronics, power tools, and electric vehicles. Nickel is a key component in many lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, including those used in electric vehicles (EVs).

3. Electronics

Nickel is used in the electronics industry for plating and in the production of magnetic materials. It is an integral part of the manufacturing process for various electronic components.

4. Alloys

Nickel is combined with other metals to create high-performance alloys like Inconel and Monel, which are used in aerospace and military applications due to their high-temperature and corrosion resistance.

5. Coinage

Some countries use nickel in the production of coins, leveraging its durability and resistance to wear and tear.

6. Catalysts

Nickel serves as a catalyst in various chemical reactions, including hydrogenation, which is used in the food processing and petrochemical industries.

7. Automotive Industry

In the automotive sector, nickel is used in electric vehicle batteries and other components, contributing to the advancement of sustainable transportation.

8. Construction

Nickel’s durability makes it ideal for use in construction materials, especially in areas requiring resistance to harsh environmental conditions.

9. Medical Equipment

Nickel’s biocompatibility and resistance to corrosion make it suitable for use in medical instruments and devices, ensuring safety and longevity.

Dangers Faced by Artisanal Miners

The dangers faced by artisanal miners in Ghana are numerous and severe, stemming from the harsh working conditions, exposure to toxic substances, and lack of safety measures.

1. Acid Exposure

One of the most significant dangers is exposure to sulfuric acid vapour, or the acid itself directly, during the leaching process. Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive substance that can cause severe burns upon contact with skin or eyes. Inhalation of sulfuric acid vapours can lead to respiratory irritation, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Prolonged exposure to sulfuric acid vapours can result in serious respiratory problems, including chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema. Workers in nickel extraction facilities must be cautious about inhaling fumes, especially in poorly ventilated areas, and of course spill.

2. Physical Hazards

The physical nature of artisanal mining involves carrying heavy loads, using dangerous tools, and working in unstructured digging areas. These conditions can lead to musculoskeletal injuries, cuts, and abrasions. The risk of tunnel collapses in makeshift mining setups further endangers the miners’ lives.

3. Poor Working Conditions

Artisanal miners often work without proper protective gear, such as gloves, masks, and helmets. They are exposed to extreme weather conditions, working under harsh sun or heavy rain without adequate shelter. The lack of access to clean water and sanitation facilities exacerbates the health risks.

4. Economic Exploitation

Miners in the artisanal sector are frequently paid very low wages, reflecting the exploitative economic conditions. Some miners are trapped in cycles of debt bondage, where they are forced to work to repay loans or advances provided by traders or mine owners.

5. Child Labour

Child labour is a pervasive issue in artisanal nickel mining. Children are often forced to work instead of attending school, performing dangerous tasks that put their health and future at risk. The absence of educational opportunities perpetuates the cycle of poverty and exploitation.

6. Environmental Degradation

The artisanal mining process contributes to environmental degradation, including deforestation, soil erosion, and water contamination. The use of mercury not only affects the health of miners but also pollutes local water sources, impacting the broader community and ecosystem.

7. Health Issues

The combination of toxic exposure, physical strain, and poor living conditions leads to a range of health issues among miners. Respiratory problems, chronic illnesses, and malnutrition are common. The lack of access to healthcare services further exacerbates these problems.

Addressing the Issue

Addressing forced labour in artisanal nickel mining in Ghana requires an approach that involves government intervention, the private sector, international cooperation, and grassroots efforts. Key strategies include:

1. Strengthening Regulations

Implementing and enforcing regulations to protect the rights of miners and eliminate forced labour is crucial. This includes establishing legal frameworks that ensure fair wages, safe working conditions, and the prohibition of child labour.

2. Raising Awareness

Educating communities about the dangers of forced labour and the rights of workers can empower individuals to resist exploitation and seek better opportunities. Awareness campaigns should target both miners and the broader community.

3. Providing Economic Alternatives

Creating alternative economic opportunities for miners and their families can reduce dependence on artisanal mining. This can include vocational training, access to education, and support for small-scale entrepreneurship.

4. Enhancing Health and Safety Measures

Improving health and safety standards in artisanal mining is essential. Providing protective gear, access to clean water, and medical services can mitigate the health risks faced by miners.

5. Promoting Sustainable Practices

Encouraging sustainable mining practices that minimise environmental impact and reduce the use of toxic substances like sulfuric acid can protect both miners and the environment.

6. International Collaboration

International organisations and NGOs can play a pivotal role in supporting efforts to combat forced labour in artisanal mining. This includes funding initiatives, providing technical expertise, and advocating for global standards and accountability.

Forced labour in Ghana’s artisanal nickel mining isn’t just a local issue; it’s a global challenge with deep economic, social, and environmental roots. It — like all forced and child labour — also exclusively occurs in the private sector’s supply chains. It’s why we modern slavery folks always come back to the issue of supply chains. If business cannot causally fix it, nobody can. By understanding the complex nature of the exploitation, the hazards miners face, and the intricate steps of the mining process, the urgency for intervention becomes clear. Protecting these workers and promoting sustainable practices require collaborative efforts on local, national, and international levels. It’s essential to ensure the rights and well-being of artisanal miners while fostering ethical and sustainable mining practices.

NOTE: Images are AI-generated — we do not provide images of real victims of modern slavery. No resemblance to a real person is intended. Copyright 2024 resides with the author Brian Iselin.

Originally published at https://www.linkedin.com.